Ushukela ungomunye wokudla okudliwa kakhulu emhlabeni, ikakhulukazi otholakala kumoba kanye ne-beetroot kashukela. Ukukhiqiza ushukela osezingeni eliphezulu kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ehilela izigaba eziningi: ukukhipha, ukucacisa, ukuhwamuka, ukwakheka kwekristalu kanye nokucwengisisa. Esigabeni ngasinye sokucubungula ushukela, ikhwalithi kanye nobumsulwa bejusi kashukela kudinga ukulawulwa ngokunembile. Ukungcola kwemvelo, njengezinhlayiya ze-colloidal, amaprotheni, imibala kanye nezinambuzane ezincane, kungathinta kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokucwengisisa, ukuhlunga kanye nokwakheka kwekristalu.
Amakhemikhali adlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni zokwenza ushukela zanamuhla. Ngaphandle kokulawulwa kwamakhemikhali okufanele, lokhu kungcola kungabangela ukukala, izinkinga zombala kanye nokulahleka komkhiqizo. Amakhemikhali enza ushukela awagcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nomkhiqizo, kodwa futhi athuthukisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, anciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, futhi asize amafektri ahlangabezane nezindinganiso zokuvikela imvelo. La makhemikhali angenza okulandelayo:
- Thuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokucacisa kanye nomphumela wokuhlukanisa uketshezi oluqinile.
- Vimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane kujusi wezithelo kanye nesiraphu.
- Thuthukisa umphumela wokushintsha umbala kashukela omhlophe ocwebezelayo omsulwa kakhulu.
- Lawula ukwakheka kwegwebu kanye nokwakheka kwe-scaling ku-evaporator kanye ne-vacuum evaporator.
Lesi sihloko sithatha umoba njengesibonelo ukuze sifingqe ngokuphelele inqubo yokwenza ushukela. Siphinde sachaza ukuthi amakhemikhali ahlukene - ama-flocculant, ama-disinfectant, ama-decolorizing agents kanye nama-defoamer - asetshenziswa kanjani esigabeni ngasinye ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokukhiqizwa kukashukela okuseqophelweni eliphezulu.
Inqubo Yokukhiqiza Ushukela Nokusetshenziswa Kwamakhemikhali
Ukulungiselela Izinto Ezingavuthiwe
Ukukhiqizwa kukashukela kuqala ngokuvunwa nokulungiswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa. Umoba uyagezwa futhi unqunywe ukuze kususwe inhlabathi, amatshe namaqabunga. Kulesi sigaba, uma ujusi ushiywa umile isikhathi eside, uzoqala ukuzala izinto ezincane. Ukuze kuncishiswe umthwalo wamagciwane ebusweni bezinto zokusetshenziswa, kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa noma ukonakala kwejusi kashukela ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhlanza, ngezinye izikhathi kusetshenziswa izibulali-magciwane ebusweni bomoba, emanzini okugcina noma emishinini yokuhlanza.
| Uhlobo Lokubulala Amagciwane | Ukugxila Okunconyiwe | Indlela Yokufaka Isicelo | Imisebenzi Eyinhloko | Izinyathelo zokuzivikela | Izinzuzo |
| I-Sodium Hypochlorite (NaClO) | i-chlorine engenayo i-50–200 ppm | Ukufutha noma ukucwilisa ubuso bomoba imizuzu emi-5-10 | Ukuhlanza nge-spectrum ebanzi, kunciphisa umthwalo we-microbial | Lawula ukuhlushwa (ngokuvamile i-chlorine engenayo i-50–200 ppm). Gwema i-chlorine eningi eseleyo kujusi ukuze uvimbele izinkinga zombala noma ukwakheka kwekristalu. Hlanza noma ukhiphe amanzi ngemva kokusebenzisa uma kudingeka. | Ukuhlanza nge-spectrum ebanzi; izindleko eziphansi. |
| I-Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate (SDIC) | i-chlorine engenayo i-50–150 ppm | Ukufutha noma ukucwilisa ubuso bomoba imizuzu emi-5-10 | Ukuqina okuphezulu, ukusebenza kahle kokubulala inzalo okuqinile | Lawula i-chlorine engenayo ukuze ugweme ukuthinta ukwakheka kwejusi kanye nombala. | Kuzinzile kakhulu kune-sodium hypochlorite; ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu; i-chlorine esele elawulwayo; isetshenziswa kabanzi ezindaweni zokucubungula ukudla. |
| I-Hydrogen Peroxide (H₂O₂) | 0.1%–0.5% | Kufakwe emanzini okuhlanza noma ekufuthweni kwamanzi angaphezulu | Ukuhlanza, akukho zinsalela, kunobungani nemvelo | Ukugxila kokulawula; ngokuvamile 0.1–0.5% yokwelashwa kwendawo. Phatha ngokucophelela ngesikhathi sokusebenza. | Iyabola ngaphandle kwezinsalela; iphephile futhi inobungani nemvelo. |
| Amanzi Ashisayo / Umusi | Amanzi ashisayo ku-80–90°C noma umusi ku-100°C | Ukuhlanza ngamanzi ashisayo noma ngomusi imizuzu emi-2-5 | Ukubulala amagciwane ngaphandle kokufakwa kwamakhemikhali | Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu; kudinga imishini efanele; qaphela izinyathelo zokuphepha. | Azikho izithasiselo zamakhemikhali; kunciphisa izinsalela zamakhemikhali. |
| Ukuhlanza Izitshalo/Izikhungo Ukubulala Amagciwane Amanzi | I-SDIC, 50–100 ppm | Ukuhlanzwa kwemishini, izimoto zokuthutha | Kuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwesibili | Shintsha futhi uqaphe njalo ukugcwala kwe-chlorine yamahhala. | — |
Umkhuba Onconywayo
Uma umoba ungena efektri, uqala ngokugezwa ngamanzi ahlanzekile ukuze kususwe inhlabathi kanye nokungcola.
Ngemuva kwalokho, ukubulala amagciwane ebusweni kwenziwa ngokufafaza i-SDIC noma i-sodium hypochlorite enezinga eliphansi lokuhlushwa ngokwezimo.
Imithombo yamanzi kanye nemishini yokuhlanza yefektri kashukela kufanele futhi ihlanzwe njalo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi indawo yonke ihlanzekile.
Ukukhishwa kwejusi
Ngemva kwesinyathelo sokuqala sokuhlanza nokubulala amagciwane. Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukukhipha ujusi womoba. Ujusi uvame ukukhishwa ngokucindezela ngomshini noma ngezinhlelo zokusabalalisa. Lesi sinyathelo sihilela ukuphula isakhiwo esiqinile somoba nokukhipha ujusi kuwo.
Ezimweni eziningi, umshini wokwenza ijusi kamoba uqukethe izigayo ezintathu ezigoqekayo ezihlanganiswe ne-chopper noma ama-blade ajikelezayo. Ngemva kokuba umoba ucutshungulwe ebhandeni elilodwa lokuhambisa, uzodluliselwa kwelinye ibhande lokuhambisa ukuze kukhishwe ujusi owengeziwe. Kodwa-ke, ngaphambi kokuthutha, amanzi azofafazwa kuqala ukuze kukhishwe ujusi owengeziwe. Izinsalela ezisele ngemva kokujusisha zibizwa ngokuthi i-bagasse.
Ijusi liqukethe ukungcola okuncibilikayo nokulengayo, okuhlanganisa imicu yezitshalo, amaprotheni ngisho nezinhlayiya zomhlabathi ezihlanzwe ngokuphelele. Lokhu kungcola kumele kuphathwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokucaciswa okulandelayo kanye nokwakheka kwekristalu.
Ukucaciswa kwejusi likamoba
Ukucaciswa kwejusi kuyisinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu esigabeni sokuqala senqubo yokwenza ushukela. Inhloso ukususa ukungcola (njengomhlabathi, amaprotheni, i-colloid, i-organic acid, njll.) kusuka kujusi womoba nokuthuthukisa ubumsulwa bawo. Ngokuvamile, kusetshenziswa iNqubo yeLime, ihlanganiswe nendlela ye-phosphorus flotation noma indlela ye-carbonation.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali
I-Lime (CaO)/ubisi lwe-lime (Ca(OH)2): Iqeda izinto ezine-asidi futhi ibangela ukungcola.
I-carbon dioxide (CO2)2) (esetshenziswa ngendlela ye-carbonation): Isabela ne-lime ukuze yakhe i-calcium carbonate precipitate, emunca ukungcola.
Usizo lwe-Flocculant/coagulant: Lusiza izinto eziqinile ezilengayo ukuthi zihlale ngokushesha.
Ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa: i-Polyaaluminium chloride (PAC), i-polyacrylamide (PAM), njll.
I-Sulfur (SO2) noma i-sodium sulfite: Idlala indima ekukhanyeni, ekususeni umbala kanye nasekubulaleni amagciwane ekuntanteni kwe-phosphorus.
Ukuhlunga Nokushisa
Ngemva kokucwengisisa, ijusi idinga ukuhluzwa ukuze kususwe indle. Ukushisa ijusi ngaphambi kokuhwamuka kubalulekile, njengoba kusiza ukunciphisa ukujiya kwejusi futhi kuvimbele ukukhula kwamagciwane.
Ukuhwamuka Nokugxilisa
Ijusi yezithelo ibe isifakwa kwisiraphu kusetshenziswa i-evaporator enemiphumela eminingi, kunciphisa okuqukethwe komswakama kusuka cishe ku-85% kuya ku-30-40%. Ukuhwamuka kwe-vacuum kusiza ukugcina ikhwalithi kashukela, kodwa futhi kuletha ezinye izinselele zokusebenza:
- Amaprotheni ancibilikisiwe kanye nama-surfactants abangela ukwakheka kwe-foam.
- Ukwakheka kwezikali ebusweni be-evaporator.
Izicelo Zamakhemikhali:
Ama-defoamers: Ama-defoamers asekelwe ku-silicone okucindezela i-foam ekushiseni okuphezulu. Ama-defoamers asekelwe ku-polyether kanye ne-fatty alcohol afanele izinhlelo zejusi yezithelo ezinama-foam aphakathi nendawo.
Ama-Scale Inhibitors/Dispersants: Vimbela ukwakheka kwe-calcium carbonate noma i-sulfate scale ku-evaporator.
Umthelela: Ukulawulwa kwegwebu okusebenzayo kanye nokuvimbela isikali kuqinisekisa ukuhwamuka okubushelelezi, ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisa ukushisa okuphezulu, kanye nesikhathi esincane sokuphumula.
Ukwakheka kwekristalu
Inqubo yokwenza ikristalu ekukhiqizweni kukashukela (okuvame ukubizwa embonini ngokuthi ukubilisa) iyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuguquleni isiraphu kashukela egxilile ibe amakristalu e-sucrose aqinile. Isiraphu egxilile ibiliswa eketheni le-vacuum ukuze kuqalwe ukwenza ikristalu kashukela ibe yikristalu. Ukwenza ikristalu ngendlela efanele kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni ushukela, usayizi wekristalu, nombala. Lena inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ye-physicochemical eyenzelwe ukulawula usayizi kanye nokufana kwamakristalu e-sucrose aqhumile.
Ama-defoam avame ukusetshenziswa kule nqubo. Ama-defoam alawula ukwakheka kwegwebu ngesikhathi sokubilisa, avimbele ukugcwala kwesiraphu.
Ukuqina kwekristalu okuzinzile kwandisa isivuno sikashukela futhi kunciphisa ukulahleka ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwe-centrifugation.
Ukushintshashintsha Nokuhlukaniswa
Ngemva kokwakheka kwekristalu, amakristalu ahlukaniswa kuma-molasses kusetshenziswa i-centrifuge bese omiswa ngamapayipi ashisayo. Ama-molasses angacutshungulwa kabanzi ukuze kukhiqizwe i-ethanol, ukudla kwezilwane, noma okunye ukusetshenziswa.
Ukususa imibala nokucwenga
Ukususa umbala nokucwengisisa kuyisigaba sokugcina enkambisweni yokwenza ushukela, esetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizweni ushukela omhlophe ocwengisisiwe ohlanzekile kakhulu (njengoshukela oqoqiwe noma ushukela wedwala). Lesi sigaba sidinga ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali amaningi kanye nama-adsorbents.
Amakhemikhali asetshenziswa kakhulu ahlanganisa:
I-activated carbon (impuphu noma ama-granule): Imunca ama-polyphenols, i-caramel, kanye nezinye izinhlayiya.
Ukususa umbala kuma-resin/ama-ion exchange resins: Susa amakhemikhali anombala we-ionic kanye non-ionic.
I-hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂): I-oxidizes ama-pigment asele, okwenza umbala wesiraphu ukhanye kakhulu.
Izinto zokususa umbala: Qinisekisa amanani aphansi e-ICUMSA kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu yokubuka.
Lokhu okungenhla kuveza izinqubo eziyinhloko kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali embonini kashukela.
Ukuboniswa Kwamakhemikhali Ahlobene:
Amanzi angcolile avela embonini kashukela aphathwa kanjani?
Izimboni zikashukela zikhiqiza amanzi angcolile ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqizwa kukashukela. Lawa manzi angcolile ayinkimbinkimbi ngekhwalithi futhi anomthwalo omkhulu wokungcola, adinga ukwelashwa kwamanzi okuhlelekile ngaphambi kokukhishwa.
Amanzi angcolile atholakala kakhulu ekuhlanzweni kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, ekuhlanzweni kwemishini, emanzini angcolile okukhiqiza ushukela, amanzi apholile/i-condensate, kanye nokubhoboza ibhoyila. Lawa manzi angcolile abonakala nge-COD ephezulu kakhulu kanye ne-BOD (ngenxa yokuqukethwe ushukela), okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe, ukubola okunamandla, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuqukethe uwoyela kanye ne-silt. Ngakho-ke, inhlanganisela yezinqubo—ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kokwelashwa + ukujiya kanye nokuthungwa + ukwelashwa kwezinto eziphilayo + ukwelashwa okuthuthukisiwe—kuvame ukusetshenziswa ukwelapha la manzi angcolile. Izindlela zokwelapha ezivamile zifaka phakathi ukwelashwa ngokomzimba (njengokuthungwa kanye nokuhlunga), ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali (njengokuthungwa kanye nokungaguquki), kanye nokwelashwa kwezinto eziphilayo (njengezinqubo zodaka ezisebenzayo kanye namanzi akhiwe).
Yimaphi amakhemikhali adingekayo ukwelapha amanzi angcolile avela embonini kashukela?
Izinyathelo ezithile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali yilezi ezilandelayo:
| Isigaba Sokwelashwa | Inhloso | Amakhemikhali Anconyiwe | Imisebenzi Eyinhloko |
| 1. Ukuhlanza Izinto Zokusetshenziswa Nokwelashwa Kwangaphambi Kokuqala | Susa isihlabathi, udaka, imicu, izinto eziqinile ezilengayo | I-PAC (i-Polyaluminum Chloride) | Ukujiya okusheshayo, ukususwa kwe-SS kanye nokugcwala kwamanzi |
| I-PAM (i-Polyacrylamide) – i-Anionic/engeyona i-ionic | Ukwakheka kwe-floc, kuthuthukisa ukuqina | ||
| I-Defoamer | Ilawula igwebu elikhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokugeza umoba kanye nokukhipha ujusi | ||
| 2. Ukulingana kanye nokulungiswa kwe-pH | Qinisa ikhwalithi enomthelela, lungisa i-pH yezinqubo ezingezansi | Ilayisi (CaO / Ca(OH)₂) | Kuphakamisa i-pH, ukususwa kobulukhuni obuyingxenye |
| I-Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) | Ukulungiswa kwe-pH okunembile | ||
| I-Sulfuric Acid / I-Hydrochloric Acid | Yehlisa i-pH | ||
| I-Defoamer | Yehlisa igwebu esitsheni sokulinganisa | ||
| 3. Ukujiya kanye nokuQoqa (Ukuthuthwa Kwendle Okuyinhloko) | Susa izinto eziqinile ezilengayo, ama-colloid, faka umbala; nciphisa i-COD | I-PAC / i-PolyDADMAC / i-Polyamine | Ama-coagulant ayinhloko okususa ukungcola nombala |
| I-PAM (i-Anionic) | Kuthuthukisa amandla e-floc kanye nesivinini sokulungisa | ||
| Izisiza Zokugoqa (isb., i-Magnesium Silicate) | Kuthuthukisa ukucaca nokusebenza kahle kokuxazulula izinkinga | ||
| 4. Ukwelashwa Kwebhayoloji Okungashukumisi I-Anaerobic (UASB, EGSB) | Yehlisa umthwalo ophezulu wezinto eziphilayo (i-COD, i-BOD) | Izithasiselo Zomsoco (imithombo ye-N & P) | Gcina umsebenzi we-microbial kanye ne-biomass enempilo |
| Izilungisi ze-pH | Gcina i-pH efanele (6.8–7.2) yamagciwane angenawo umoya | ||
| I-Defoamer | Ivimbela igwebu elihlobene ne-biogas | ||
| 5. Ukwelashwa Nge-Aerobic (Udaka Olusebenzayo, i-SBR) | Yehlisa i-COD, i-BOD, i-ammonia | Izithasiselo Zomsoco (N & P) | Nikeza izakhamzimba ezilinganiselayo kuma-microorganisms |
| I-Defoamer | Ilawula igwebu ngesikhathi sokungenisa umoya | ||
| Ama-enzyme e-Bio / Amasiko e-Microbial | Kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuwohloka kwezinto eziphilayo | ||
| 6. Ukwelashwa Okuthuthukisiwe (Uma kusebenza izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhishwa) | Thuthukisa ukucaca, susa i-COD esele, i-SS, umbala | I-Polyamine / I-PolyDADMAC | Ukususwa kombala okunamandla kanye nokungcola |
| I-PAC | Ukususwa okwengeziwe kwe-SS kanye ne-colloid | ||
| I-PAM (Isisindo Esiphezulu Sama-Molecular) | Ukuhlanza kokugcina kanye nokupholisha | ||
| Ikhabhoni Esebenzayo | Isusa umbala, iphunga, kanye nezinsalela zezinto eziphilayo | ||
| 7. Ukubulala amagciwane kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwamanzi | Qinisekisa ukuphepha kwamagciwane ukuze kukhishwe noma kusetshenziswe kabusha | I-Calcium Hypochlorite | Ukubulala amagciwane okunamandla |
| I-Sodium Hypochlorite | Isibulali-magciwane esivamile sokulinganisa ku-inthanethi | ||
| I-SDIC (i-Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate) | Ukukhishwa kwe-chlorine okuzinzile nokuhlala isikhathi eside | ||
| I-TCCA (i-Trichloroisocyanuric Acid) | Okuqukethwe kwe-chlorine ephezulu, i-chlorination ekhishwa kancane |
Ukukhiqizwa kukashukela kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yezimboni edinga ukulawulwa okunembile kuzo zonke izigaba—kusukela ekulungisweni kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nojusi kuya ekucacisweni, ekushiseni, ekukhiqizweni kwamakristalu, ekucwengisisweni, nasekuphathweni kwamanzi amdaka. Isigaba ngasinye sinezinselele zaso, kufaka phakathi izinto eziqinile ezimisiwe, umbala, umsebenzi wamagciwane, ukwakheka kwegwebu, kanye nokwakheka kwezikali. Ngokuhlanganisa amakhemikhali afanele esigabeni ngasinye senqubo yokukhiqizwa kukashukela, imishini yokugaya ushukela ingakhuphula umkhiqizo, ithuthukise ikhwalithi yamakristalu, ithuthukise umbala, inciphise ukulahlekelwa, futhi inciphise isikhathi sokungasebenzi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izixazululo zamakhemikhali ezilungiselelwe zinegalelo ekuvikelweni kwemvelo ngokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka okuphumelelayo kanye nokunciphisa imfucuza yamakhemikhali.
Ukukhetha umlingani ofanele wamakhemikhali kuvumela izigayo zikashukela ukuthi zithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, ziqinisekise ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ehambisanayo, zandise isikhathi sokuphila kwemishini, futhi zifinyelele ukusebenza kahle kwesikhathi eside.