Izinqubo Zokuhlanza Amanzi Ezimboni kanye Nezicelo Zekhemikhali
Ingemuva
Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwezimboni, ukubaluleka kokwelashwa kwamanzi emikhiqizweni ehlukahlukene yezimboni kuya ngokuya kucaca. Ukwelashwa kwamanzi ezimbonini akusona nje isixhumanisi esibalulekile sokuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kahle kwenqubo, kodwa futhi kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile sokuhlangabezana nemithethonqubo yemvelo kanye nezidingo zentuthuko esimeme.
Uhlobo Lokwelapha Amanzi
| Uhlobo lokwelashwa kwamanzi | Injongo eyinhloko | Izinto zokwelashwa eziyinhloko | Izinqubo eziyinhloko. |
| Ukwelashwa kwamanzi aluhlaza | Hlangana nezidingo zamanzi asekhaya noma ezimbonini | Amanzi omthombo wamanzi emvelo | Ukuhlunga, i-sedimentation, i-coagulation. |
| Ukucubungula amanzi | Hlangana nezidingo zenqubo ethile | Amanzi enqubo yezimboni | Ukuthambisa, ukukhipha usawoti emanzini, ukukhipha umoya-mpilo. |
| Ukujikeleza ukwelashwa kwamanzi okupholisa | Qinisekisa ukusebenza okuvamile kwemishini | Ukujikeleza kwamanzi okupholisa | Ukwelashwa kwe-dosing. |
| Ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile | Vikela imvelo | Amanzi angcolile ezimbonini | Ukwelashwa ngokomzimba, kwamakhemikhali, kwebhayoloji. |
| Ukwelashwa kwamanzi okugaywe kabusha | Yehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile | Amanzi asetshenzisiwe | Okufana nokuhlanzwa kwamanzi angcolile. |
Amakhemikhali Okwelapha Amanzi Asetshenziswa Kaningi
| Isigaba | Amakhemikhali asetshenziswa kakhulu | Umsebenzi |
| I-ejenti entantayo | PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, njll. | Susa okuqinile okumisiwe kanye ne-organic matter |
| Izibulala-magciwane | njenge-TCCA, i-SDIC, i-ozone, i-chlorine dioxide, i-Calcium Hypochlorite, njll | Ibulala ama-microorganisms emanzini (njengamagciwane, amagciwane, isikhunta kanye ne-protozoa) |
| Isilungisi se-pH | I-aminosulfonic acid, i-NaOH, i-lime, i-sulfuric acid, njll. | Lawula i-pH yamanzi |
| Metal ion removers | EDTA,Ion exchange resin | Susa ama-ion ensimbi esindayo (njengensimbi, ithusi, umthofu, i-cadmium, i-mercury, i-nickel, njll.) namanye ama-ion ensimbi ayingozi emanzini. |
| I-Scale inhibitor | I-Organophosphates, i-organophosphorus carboxylic acids | Vimbela ukwakheka kwesikali nge-calcium ne-magnesium ions. Futhi kunomphumela othile wokukhipha ion zensimbi |
| I-Deoxidizer | I-sodium sulfite, i-hydrazine, njll. | Khipha umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe ukuze uvimbele ukugqwala kwe-oxygen |
| I-ejenti yokuhlanza | I-Citric acid, i-sulfuric acid, i-aminosulfonic acid | Susa isikali nokungcola |
| Ama-oxidants | i-ozone, i-persulfate, i-hydrogen chloride, i-hydrogen peroxide, njll. | Ukubulala amagciwane, ukususwa kwezinto ezingcolisayo kanye nokwenza ngcono izinga lamanzi, njll. |
| Izithambisa | njenge-lime ne-sodium carbonate. | Isusa ubulukhuni be-ion (i-calcium, i-magnesium ions) futhi inciphisa ingozi yokwakheka kwesikali |
| Ama-Defoamers/I-Antifoam | Cindezela noma ususe i-foam | |
| Ukususwa | I-Calcium Hypochlorite | susa i-NH₃-N emanzini angcolile ukuze ulenze lihlangabezane nezindinganiso zokukhishwa |
Amakhemikhali Okwelapha Amanzi Esingawahlinzeka:
Ukwelashwa kwamanzi ezimbonini kubhekisela enqubweni yokwelapha amanzi ezimbonini kanye nokukhipha amanzi awo ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezingokomzimba, zamakhemikhali, zebhayoloji nezinye. Ukwelashwa kwamanzi ezimbonini kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokukhiqizwa kwezimboni, futhi ukubaluleka kwakho kubonakala kulezi zici ezilandelayo:
1.1 Qinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo
Susa ukungcola emanzini njengama-ion ensimbi, okuqinile okumisiwe, njll. ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokukhiqiza nokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
Vimbela ukugqwala: I-oxygen encibilikisiwe, i-carbon dioxide, njll. emanzini kungabangela ukugqwala kwezinto zensimbi futhi kufinyeze ukuphila kwezinto zokusebenza.
Lawula ama-microorganisms: Amagciwane, ulwelwe kanye namanye ama-microorganisms emanzini angabangela ukungcoliswa komkhiqizo, kuthinte ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo nokuphepha kwezempilo.
1.2 Ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza
Yehlisa isikhathi sokuphumula: Ukwelashwa kwamanzi okuvamile kungavimbela ngempumelelo ukukalwa nokugqwala kwemishini, kunciphise imvamisa yokugcinwa nokushintshwa kwemishini, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.
Lungiselela izimo zenqubo: Ngokuhlanzwa kwamanzi, ikhwalithi yamanzi ehlangabezana nezidingo zenqubo ingatholakala ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza kwenqubo yokukhiqiza.
1.3 Yehlisa izindleko zokukhiqiza
Yonga amandla: Ngokuhlanzwa kwamanzi, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kungancishiswa futhi izindleko zokukhiqiza zingongiwa.
Vimbela ukukala: Ama-ion okuqina afana ne-calcium ne-magnesium ion emanzini azokwakha isikali, abambelele ebusweni bezinto zokusebenza, anciphise ukusebenza kahle kokushisa.
Nweba impilo yezisetshenziswa: Yehlisa ukugqwala nokukalwa kwemishini, nwebisa impilo yesevisi yezisetshenziswa, futhi unciphise izindleko zokwehla kwezisetshenziswa.
Yehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwempahla: Ngokuhlanzwa kwamanzi, ukumoshakala kwama-biocides kungancishiswa futhi izindleko zokukhiqiza zingancishiswa.
Yehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe: Ngokuhlanzwa kwamanzi, izinto ezingavuthiwe ezisele oketshezini olulahlwayo zingatholwa futhi zibuyiselwe ekukhiqizeni, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ukumoshwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe futhi kwehle nezindleko zokukhiqiza.
1.4 Vikela imvelo
Nciphisa ukungcola okungcolisayo: Ngemva kokuba amanzi angcolile ezimbonini esecociwe, ukugcwala kosisi ongcolile kungancishiswa futhi indawo yamanzi ingavikelwa.
Qaphela ukugaywa kabusha kwemithombo yamanzi: Ngokuhlanzwa kwamanzi, amanzi asezimbonini angaphinde asetshenziswe futhi ukuncika emithonjeni yamanzi ahlanzekile kungancishiswa.
1.5 Ukuthobela imithetho yemvelo
Hlangana nezindinganiso zokukhipha umoya: Amanzi angcolile ezimbonini kufanele ahlangabezane nezindinganiso zokukhishwa kwempahla kazwelonke neyendawo, futhi ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi kuyindlela ebalulekile yokufeza lo mgomo.
Kafushane, ukwelashwa kwamanzi ezimbonini akuhlobene kuphela nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, kodwa futhi nezinzuzo zezomnotho nokuvikelwa kwemvelo kwamabhizinisi. Ngokuhlanzwa kwamanzi ngokwesayensi nokunengqondo, ukusetshenziswa kahle kwemithombo yamanzi kungafinyelelwa futhi kuthuthukiswe intuthuko esimeme yezimboni.
Ukwelashwa kwamanzi ezimbonini kuhlanganisa imikhakha eminingi, okuhlanganisa amandla, amakhemikhali, imithi, i-metallurgy, izimboni zokudla neziphuzo, njll. Inqubo yokwelashwa kwayo ivame ukuhlelwa ngokwezidingo zekhwalithi yamanzi kanye nezindinganiso zokukhishwa.
2.1 Amakhemikhali kanye Nezimiso Zokwelashwa Okunomthelela (Ukwelashwa Kwamanzi Aluhlaza)
Ukulungiswa kwamanzi aluhlaza ekwelashweni kwamanzi ezimbonini ikakhulukazi kufaka phakathi ukusefa okuyisisekelo, ukuhlangana, ukugeleza kwamanzi, ukucwiliswa kwe-sedimentation, ukuntanta, ukukhipha amagciwane, ukulungiswa kwe-pH, ukukhishwa kwe-ion yensimbi kanye nokuhlunga kokugcina. Amakhemikhali asetshenziswa kakhulu ahlanganisa:
Ama-coagulants nama-flocculants: njenge-PAC, i-PAM, i-PDADMAC, i-polyamines, i-aluminium sulfate, njll.
Ama-Softeners: njenge-lime ne-sodium carbonate.
Ama-Disinfectants: njenge-TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, i-ozone, i-chlorine dioxide, njll.
Izilungisi ze-pH: njenge-aminosulfonic acid, i-sodium hydroxide, i-lime, i-sulfuric acid, njll.
Metal ion removersEDTA, ion exchange resin njll.,
scale inhibitor: organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, njll.
Ama-Adsorbents: njengekhabhoni ecushiwe, i-alumina ecushiwe, njll.
Ukuhlanganiswa nokusetshenziswa kwalawa makhemikhali kungasiza ukwelashwa kwamanzi ezimbonini ngokuphumelelayo ukususa izinto ezimisiwe, ukungcola kwezinto eziphilayo, ama-ion ensimbi nama-microorganisms emanzini, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhwalithi yamanzi ihlangabezana nezidingo zokukhiqiza, nokunciphisa umthwalo wokwelashwa okulandelayo.
2.2 Amakhemikhali kanye Nezimiso Zokuhlanzwa Kwenqubo Yamanzi
Ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi okucutshungulwa ekuhlanzweni kwamanzi ezimbonini ikakhulukazi kufaka phakathi ukwelashwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ukuthambisa, ukukhishwa kwe-oxidation, ukususwa kwe-iron ne-manganese, ukukhipha usawoti emanzini, ukuvala inzalo kanye nokubulala amagciwane. Isinyathelo ngasinye sidinga amakhemikhali ahlukene ukuze athuthukise izinga lamanzi futhi aqinisekise ukusebenza okuvamile kwemishini ehlukahlukene yezimboni. Amakhemikhali avamile ahlanganisa:
| Ama-coagulants nama-flocculants: | njenge-PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, njll. |
| Ama-Softeners: | njenge-lime ne-sodium carbonate. |
| Izibulala-magciwane: | njenge-TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, njll. |
| Izilungisi ze-pH: | njenge-aminosulfonic acid, i-sodium hydroxide, i-lime, i-sulfuric acid, njll. |
| Izisusi ze-Metal ion: | I-EDTA, i-ion exchange resin |
| I-Scale inhibitor: | ama-organophosphates, i-organophosphorus carboxylic acid, njll. |
| Ama-Adsorbents: | njengekhabhoni ecushiwe, i-alumina ecushiwe, njll. |
Lawa makhemikhali angahlangabezana nezidingo ezihlukene zamanzi okucubungula ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela yenqubo yokuhlanza amanzi ehlukene, aqinisekise ukuthi ikhwalithi yamanzi ihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokukhiqiza, ukunciphisa ingozi yokulimala kwemishini, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.
2.3 Amakhemikhali Nezimiso Zokuzungeza Ukuhlanza Amanzi Okupholisa
Ukuhlanza amanzi okupholisa okujikelezayo kuyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yokwelashwa kwamanzi ezimbonini, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziningi zezimboni (njengezitshalo zamakhemikhali, izimboni zamandla, izitshalo zensimbi, njll.), lapho izinhlelo zamanzi okupholisa zisetshenziselwa kakhulu imishini yokupholisa kanye nezinqubo. Amasistimu amanzi okupholisa ajikelezayo asengozini yokukhula, ukugqwala, ukukhula kwamagciwane kanye nezinye izinkinga ngenxa yomthamo wawo omkhulu wamanzi kanye nokujikeleza njalo. Ngakho-ke, izindlela ezisebenzayo zokwelashwa kwamanzi kufanele zisetshenziswe ukulawula lezi zinkinga futhi kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuzinzile kwesistimu.
Ukuhlanza amanzi okupholisa okujikelezayo kuhlose ukuvimbela ukukala, ukugqwala nokungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo ohlelweni nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kokupholisa. Gada amapharamitha ayinhloko emanzini okupholisa (afana ne-pH, ubulukhuni, i-turbidity, umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe, ama-microorganisms, njll.) futhi uhlaziye izinkinga zekhwalithi yamanzi ukuze uthole ukwelashwa okuhlosiwe.
| Ama-coagulants nama-flocculants: | njenge-PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, njll. |
| Ama-Softeners: | njenge-lime ne-sodium carbonate. |
| Izibulala-magciwane: | njenge-TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, njll. |
| Izilungisi ze-pH: | njenge-aminosulfonic acid, i-sodium hydroxide, i-lime, i-sulfuric acid, njll. |
| Izisusi ze-Metal ion: | I-EDTA, i-ion exchange resin |
| I-Scale inhibitor: | ama-organophosphates, i-organophosphorus carboxylic acid, njll. |
| Ama-Adsorbents: | njengekhabhoni ecushiwe, i-alumina ecushiwe, njll. |
Lawa makhemikhali nezindlela zokwelapha zisiza ekuvimbeleni ukukala, ukugqwala, nokungcoliswa kwamagciwane, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kwesikhathi eside kohlelo lwamanzi okupholisa, ukunciphisa umonakalo wemishini nokusetshenziswa kwamandla, futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu.
2.4 Amakhemikhali kanye Nezimiso Zokuhlanza Amanzi Angcolile
Inqubo yokuhlanza amanzi angcolile ezimbonini ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningi ngokuya nezici zamanzi angcolile kanye nezinjongo zokwelashwa, ikakhulukazi okuhlanganisa ukucwiliswa kwangaphambili, i-acid-base neutralization, ukususwa kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe, ukwelashwa okuphakathi nokuthuthukisiwe, ukukhipha amagciwane kanye nokuvala inzalo, ukuhlanzwa kwe-sludge kanye nokwelashwa kwamanzi okugaywe kabusha. Isixhumanisi ngasinye sidinga amakhemikhali ahlukene ukuze asebenze ndawonye ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kanye nokunemba kwenqubo yokuhlanza amanzi angcolile.
Ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile ezimbonini kuhlukaniswe ngezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko: ngokomzimba, amakhemikhali kanye ne-biological, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezindinganiso zokukhishwa kwamanzi kanye nokunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo.
Indlela engokwenyama:i-sedimentation, filtration, flotation, njll.
Indlela yekhemikhali:i-neutralization, i-redox, imvula yamakhemikhali.
Indlela yebhayoloji:indlela ye-sludge ecushiwe, i-membrane bioreactor (MBR), njll.
Amakhemikhali avamile ahlanganisa:
| Ama-coagulants nama-flocculants: | njenge-PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, njll. |
| Ama-Softeners: | njenge-lime ne-sodium carbonate. |
| Izibulala-magciwane: | njenge-TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, njll. |
| Izilungisi ze-pH: | njenge-aminosulfonic acid, i-sodium hydroxide, i-lime, i-sulfuric acid, njll. |
| Izisusi ze-Metal ion: | I-EDTA, i-ion exchange resin |
| I-Scale inhibitor: | ama-organophosphates, i-organophosphorus carboxylic acid, njll. |
| Ama-Adsorbents: | njengekhabhoni ecushiwe, i-alumina ecushiwe, njll. |
Ngokusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwalawa makhemikhali, amanzi angcolile ezimbonini angahlanzwa futhi akhishwe ngokuhambisana nezindinganiso, futhi aphinde asetshenziswe, okusiza ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi.
2.5 Amakhemikhali Nezimiso Zokuhlanza Amanzi Asetshenzwa Kabusha
Ukuhlanzwa kabusha kwamanzi kubhekisela endleleni yokuphatha imithombo yamanzi ephinda isebenzise amanzi angcolile asezimbonini ngemva kokulungiswa. Ngokushoda okwandayo kwemithombo yamanzi, amasimu amaningi ezimboni amukele izindlela zokuhlanza amanzi ezigaywe kabusha, ezingagcini nje ngokusindisa imithombo yamanzi, kodwa futhi zinciphisa izindleko zokwelashwa nokukhipha. Isihluthulelo sokuhlanzwa kabusha kwamanzi ukukhipha ukungcola emanzini angcolile ukuze izinga lamanzi lihlangabezane nezidingo zokuphinda zisetshenziswe, okudinga ukunemba okuphezulu kokucubungula kanye nobuchwepheshe.
Inqubo yokuhlanzwa kabusha kwamanzi ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa lezi zinyathelo ezibalulekile ezilandelayo:
Ukwelashwa Ngaphambili:susa izinhlayiya ezinkulu zokungcola namafutha, usebenzisa i-PAC, i-PAM, njll.
Ukulungiswa kwe-pH:lungisa i-pH, amakhemikhali avame ukusetshenziswa ahlanganisa i-sodium hydroxide, i-sulfuric acid, i-calcium hydroxide, njll.
Ukwelashwa kwebhayoloji:susa izinto eziphilayo, ukusekela ukuwohloka kwe-microbial, sebenzisa i-ammonium chloride, i-sodium dihydrogen phosphate, njll.
Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali:ukususwa kwe-oxidative yezinto eziphilayo nezinsimbi ezisindayo, i-ozone evame ukusetshenziswa, i-persulfate, i-sodium sulfide, njll.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Membrane:sebenzisa i-osmosis eguquguqukayo, i-nanofiltration, kanye nobuchwepheshe be-ultrafiltration ukuze ususe izinto ezincibilikisiwe futhi uqinisekise ikhwalithi yamanzi.
Ukubulala amagciwane:susa ama-microorganisms, sebenzisa i-chlorine, i-ozone, i-calcium hypochlorite, njll.
Ukuqapha nokulungiswa:Qinisekisa ukuthi amanzi asetshenziswe kabusha ayahlangabezana nezindinganiso futhi asebenzise izilawuli kanye nempahla yokuqapha ukuze kulungiswe.
Ama-Defoamers:Bacindezela noma baqede igwebu ngokunciphisa ukungezwani okungaphezulu koketshezi futhi bacekele phansi ukuzinza kwegwebu. (Izimo zokusetshenziswa kwama-defoamers: amasistimu okwelashwa kwebhayoloji, ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi angcolile ngamakhemikhali, ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile ngemithi, ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi angcolile okudla, ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi angcolile okwenza iphepha, njll.)
I-calcium hypochlorite:Basusa izinto ezingcolisayo njenge-ammonia nitrogen
Ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinqubo namakhemikhali kuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhwalithi yamanzi angcolile acociwe ayahlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphinda asetshenziswe, okuwavumela ukuthi asetshenziswe ngempumelelo ekukhiqizweni kwezimboni.
Ukwelashwa kwamanzi ezimbonini kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokukhiqizwa kwezimboni zanamuhla. Inqubo yayo kanye nokukhethwa kwamakhemikhali kudinga ukwenziwa kahle ngokwezidingo ezithile zenqubo. Ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwamakhemikhali akukwazi nje ukuthuthukisa umphumela wokwelapha, kodwa futhi kunciphise izindleko futhi kunciphise umthelela emvelweni. Ngokuzayo, ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezidingo zokuvikela imvelo, ukwelashwa kwamanzi ezimbonini kuzothuthuka ngendlela ehlakaniphe kakhulu futhi eluhlaza.