Izinqubo Zokwelapha Amanzi Ezimboni kanye Nokusetshenziswa Kwamakhemikhali
Ingemuva
Njengoba intuthuko esheshayo yokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni iqhubeka, ukubaluleka kokwelashwa kwamanzi ekukhiqizweni kwezimboni ezahlukene kuya ngokuya kubonakala. Ukwelashwa kwamanzi ezimbonini akugcini nje ngokuba yisixhumanisi esibalulekile sokuqinisekisa inqubekela phambili ebushelelezi yenqubo, kodwa futhi kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile sokuhlangabezana nemithethonqubo yemvelo kanye nezidingo zentuthuko esimeme.
Uhlobo Lokwelashwa Kwamanzi
| Uhlobo lokwelashwa kwamanzi | Inhloso eyinhloko | Izinto zokwelapha eziyinhloko | Izinqubo eziyinhloko. |
| Ukwelashwa ngamanzi aluhlaza | Hlangana nezidingo zamanzi asekhaya noma ezimbonini | Amanzi omthombo wamanzi emvelo | Ukuhlunga, ukuthungwa, ukujiya. |
| Ukwelashwa kwamanzi ngenqubo | Hlangana nezidingo ezithile zenqubo | Amanzi enqubo yezimboni | Ukuthambisa, ukukhipha usawoti emanzini, ukukhipha umoya-mpilo. |
| Ukwelashwa kwamanzi okupholisa okujikelezayo | Qinisekisa ukusebenza okuvamile kwemishini | Amanzi okupholisa ajikelezayo | Ukwelashwa ngomthamo. |
| Ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile | Vikela imvelo | Amanzi angcolile asezimbonini | Ukwelashwa ngokomzimba, ngamakhemikhali, nangokwebhayoloji. |
| Ukwelashwa kwamanzi okuphinde kwasetshenziswa | Nciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile | Amanzi asetshenzisiwe | Kufana nokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka. |
Amakhemikhali Okwelapha Amanzi Asetshenziswa Kaningi
| Isigaba | Amakhemikhali asetshenziswa kakhulu | Umsebenzi |
| I-ejenti yokuhlanza | I-PAC, i-PAM, i-PDADMAC, ama-polyamine, i-aluminium sulfate, njll. | Susa izinto eziqinile ezilengayo kanye nezinto eziphilayo |
| Izibulali-magciwane | njenge-TCCA, i-SDIC, i-ozone, i-chlorine dioxide, i-Calcium Hypochlorite, njll. | Ibulala ama-microorganism emanzini (njengama-bacteria, ama-virus, isikhunta kanye nama-protozoa) |
| isilungisi se-pH | I-Aminosulfonic acid, i-NaOH, i-lime, i-sulfuric acid, njll. | Lawula i-pH yamanzi |
| Izisusi ze-ion zensimbi | I-EDTA, i-ion exchange resin | Susa ama-ion ensimbi esindayo (njengensimbi, ithusi, i-lead, i-cadmium, i-mercury, i-nickel, njll.) kanye namanye ama-ion ensimbi ayingozi emanzini |
| Isivimbeli sesikali | Ama-Organophosphates, ama-organophosphorus carboxylic acids | Vimbela ukwakheka kwezikali ngama-ion e-calcium ne-magnesium. Futhi kunomphumela othile wokususa ama-ion ensimbi |
| I-Deoxidizer | I-Sodium sulfite, i-hydrazine, njll. | Susa umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe ukuze uvimbele ukugqwala komoya-mpilo |
| I-ejenti yokuhlanza | I-asidi ye-citric, i-asidi ye-sulfuric, i-aminosulfonic acid | Susa isikali nokungcola |
| Ama-Oxidants | i-ozone, i-persulfate, i-hydrogen chloride, i-hydrogen peroxide, njll. | Ukubulala amagciwane, ukususwa kokungcola kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi yamanzi, njll. |
| Izithambisi | njenge-lime kanye ne-sodium carbonate. | Isusa ama-ion obulukhuni (i-calcium, ama-ion e-magnesium) futhi inciphise ingozi yokwakheka kwesikali |
| Ama-defoamer/I-Antifoam | Cindezela noma ususe igwebu | |
| Ukususwa | I-Calcium Hypochlorite | susa i-NH₃-N emanzini angcolile ukuze ihlangabezane nezindinganiso zokukhipha amanzi |
Amakhemikhali Okwelapha Amanzi Esingawahlinzeka:
Ukwelashwa kwamanzi ezimbonini kubhekisela enkambisweni yokwelapha amanzi ezimbonini kanye namanzi akhishwayo ngezindlela ezingokoqobo, zamakhemikhali, zebhayoloji kanye nezinye. Ukwelashwa kwamanzi ezimbonini kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokukhiqizwa kwezimboni, futhi ukubaluleka kwawo kubonakala kulezi zici ezilandelayo:
1.1 Qinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo
Susa ukungcola emanzini njenge-ion yensimbi, izinto eziqinile ezilengayo, njll. ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokukhiqiza futhi kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
Vimbela ukugqwala: I-oxygen encibilikisiwe, i-carbon dioxide, njll. emanzini ingabangela ukugqwala kwemishini yensimbi futhi inciphise isikhathi sokuphila kwemishini.
Lawula amagciwane: Amagciwane, ulwelwe kanye nezinye izinto ezincane emanzini zingabangela ukungcoliswa komkhiqizo, okuthinta ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nokuphepha kwempilo.
1.2 Thuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza
Nciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi: Ukwelashwa kwamanzi njalo kungavimbela ngempumelelo ukukhuhla kwemishini nokugqwala, kunciphise imvamisa yokugcinwa nokufakwa kwemishini esikhundleni sayo, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.
Lungiselela izimo zenqubo: Ngokusebenzisa ukwelashwa kwamanzi, ikhwalithi yamanzi ehlangabezana nezidingo zenqubo ingatholakala ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwenqubo yokukhiqiza.
1.3 Nciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza
Yonga amandla: Ngokusebenzisa amanzi, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwemishini kungancishiswa futhi izindleko zokukhiqiza zingongiwa.
Vimbela ukukala: Ama-ion okuqina njenge-calcium ne-magnesium emanzini azokwakha isikali, anamathele ebusweni bemishini, anciphise ukusebenza kahle kokuqhuba ukushisa.
Yandisa isikhathi sokuphila kwemishini: Nciphisa ukugqwala nokukhula kwemishini, yandisa isikhathi sokuphila kwemishini, futhi unciphise izindleko zokwehla kwenani lemishini.
Nciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto: Ngokusebenzisa amanzi, imfucuza yama-biocides ingancishiswa futhi izindleko zokukhiqiza zingancishiswa.
Nciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa: Ngokusebenzisa amanzi, izinto zokusetshenziswa ezisele oketshezini olungcolile zingatholakala futhi zibuyiselwe ekukhiqizweni, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe imfucuza yezinto zokusetshenziswa futhi kwehliswe izindleko zokukhiqiza.
1.4 Vikela imvelo
Nciphisa ukukhishwa kokungcola: Ngemva kokuba amanzi angcolile asezimbonini elungisiwe, ukugcwala kokukhishwa kokungcola kungancishiswa futhi indawo ezungezile amanzi ingavikelwa.
Qaphela ukuvuselelwa kwemithombo yamanzi: Ngokusebenzisa ukwelashwa kwamanzi, amanzi ezimboni angaphinde asetshenziswe futhi ukuncika emithonjeni yamanzi ahlanzekile kungancishiswa.
1.5 Ukuthobela imithethonqubo yezemvelo
Hlangana nezindinganiso zokukhishwa kwegesi: Amanzi angcolile asezimbonini kumele ahlangabezane nezindinganiso zokukhishwa kwegesi kazwelonke kanye neyendawo, futhi ukwelashwa kwamanzi kuyindlela ebalulekile yokufeza lo mgomo.
Ngamafuphi, ukwelashwa kwamanzi ezimbonini akuhlobene nje kuphela nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, kodwa futhi nezinzuzo zezomnotho kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo kwamabhizinisi. Ngokusebenzisa ukwelashwa kwamanzi ngokwesayensi nangokunengqondo, ukusetshenziswa kahle kwemithombo yamanzi kungatholakala futhi intuthuko eqhubekayo yemboni ingakhuthazwa.
Ukwelashwa kwamanzi ezimbonini kuhlanganisa imikhakha eminingi, okuhlanganisa ugesi, amakhemikhali, imithi, izinsimbi, izimboni zokudla neziphuzo, njll. Inqubo yokwelashwa kwayo ivame ukwenziwa ngokwezifiso ngokwezidingo zekhwalithi yamanzi kanye nezindinganiso zokukhipha amanzi.
2.1 Amakhemikhali Nezimiso Zokwelapha Okunethonya (Ukwelashwa Kwangaphambi Kokusetshenziswa Kwamanzi Aluhlaza)
Ukwelashwa kwamanzi angavuthiwe ekwelashweni kwamanzi ezimbonini kuhlanganisa kakhulu ukuhlunga okuyinhloko, ukubopha, ukugoqa, ukucwilisa, ukuflotha, ukubulala amagciwane, ukulungiswa kwe-pH, ukususwa kwe-ion yensimbi kanye nokuhlunga kokugcina. Amakhemikhali asetshenziswa kakhulu ahlanganisa:
Ama-coagulant nama-flocculant: njenge-PAC, i-PAM, i-PDADMAC, ama-polyamine, i-aluminium sulfate, njll.
Izithambisi: njenge-lime ne-sodium carbonate.
Izibulala-magciwane: njenge-TCCA, i-SDIC, i-Calcium Hypochlorite, i-ozone, i-chlorine dioxide, njll.
Izilungisi ze-pH: njenge-aminosulfonic acid, i-sodium hydroxide, i-lime, i-sulfuric acid, njll.
Izisusa ze-ion zensimbi i-EDTA, i-resin yokushintshanisa i-ion njll.,
inhibitor yesikali: ama-organophosphates, ama-organophosphorus carboxylic acid, njll.
Ama-Adsorbents: njenge-activated carbon, i-alumina esebenzayo, njll.
Ukuhlanganiswa nokusetshenziswa kwala makhemikhali kungasiza ekususeni ngempumelelo izinto ezilengayo, ukungcola okungokwemvelo, ama-ion ensimbi kanye nama-microorganism emanzini, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ikhwalithi yamanzi iyahlangabezana nezidingo zokukhiqiza, futhi kuncishiswe umthwalo wokwelashwa okulandelayo.
2.2 Amakhemikhali Nezimiso Zokwelashwa Kwamanzi Ngenqubo
Ukwelashwa kwamanzi ngenqubo ekuphathweni kwamanzi ezimbonini kuhlanganisa kakhulu ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi, ukuthambisa, ukususwa kwe-oxidation, ukususwa kwensimbi ne-manganese, ukususwa kukasawoti emanzini, ukubulala amagciwane kanye nokubulala amagciwane. Isinyathelo ngasinye sidinga amakhemikhali ahlukene ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yamanzi futhi kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuvamile kwemishini ehlukahlukene yezimboni. Amakhemikhali avamile afaka:
| Ama-coagulant nama-flocculant: | njenge-PAC, i-PAM, i-PDADMAC, ama-polyamine, i-aluminium sulfate, njll. |
| Izinto zokuthambisa: | njenge-lime kanye ne-sodium carbonate. |
| Izibulali-magciwane: | njenge-TCCA, i-SDIC, i-Calcium Hypochlorite, i-ozone, i-chlorine dioxide, njll. |
| Izilungisi ze-pH: | njenge-aminosulfonic acid, i-sodium hydroxide, i-lime, i-sulfuric acid, njll. |
| Izisusa ze-ion zensimbi: | I-EDTA, i-resin yokushintshana kwe-ion |
| Isivimbeli sesikali: | ama-organophosphates, ama-organophosphorus carboxylic acids, njll. |
| Ama-Adsorbents: | njenge-activated carbon, i-activated alumina, njll. |
La makhemikhali angahlangabezana nezidingo ezahlukene zamanzi enqubo ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela yezinqubo ezahlukene zokwelashwa kwamanzi, aqinisekise ukuthi ikhwalithi yamanzi ihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokukhiqiza, anciphise ingozi yokulimala kwemishini, futhi athuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.
2.3 Amakhemikhali Nezimiso Zokujikeleza Ukwelashwa Kwamanzi Apholile
Ukwelashwa kwamanzi okupholisa ngokujikeleza kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu sokwelashwa kwamanzi ezimbonini, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziningi zezimboni (njengezitshalo zamakhemikhali, izitshalo zikagesi, izitshalo zensimbi, njll.), lapho izinhlelo zamanzi okupholisa zisetshenziswa kabanzi emishinini yokupholisa kanye nezinqubo. Izinhlelo zamanzi okupholisa ngokujikeleza zisengozini yokukhula, ukugqwala, ukukhula kwamagciwane kanye nezinye izinkinga ngenxa yomthamo wawo omkhulu wamanzi kanye nokujikeleza njalo. Ngakho-ke, izindlela zokwelapha amanzi ezisebenzayo kumele zisetshenziswe ukulawula lezi zinkinga nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kohlelo.
Ukwelashwa kwamanzi okupholisa okujikelezayo kuhlose ukuvimbela ukusabalala, ukugqwala kanye nokungcola kwezinto eziphilayo ohlelweni nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kokupholisa. Qapha imingcele eyinhloko emanzini okupholisa (njenge-pH, ubulukhuni, ukuthambisa, umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe, izinto ezincane, njll.) bese uhlaziya izinkinga zekhwalithi yamanzi ukuze kutholakale ukwelashwa okuqondiwe.
| Ama-coagulant nama-flocculant: | njenge-PAC, i-PAM, i-PDADMAC, ama-polyamine, i-aluminium sulfate, njll. |
| Izinto zokuthambisa: | njenge-lime kanye ne-sodium carbonate. |
| Izibulali-magciwane: | njenge-TCCA, i-SDIC, i-Calcium Hypochlorite, i-ozone, i-chlorine dioxide, njll. |
| Izilungisi ze-pH: | njenge-aminosulfonic acid, i-sodium hydroxide, i-lime, i-sulfuric acid, njll. |
| Izisusa ze-ion zensimbi: | I-EDTA, i-resin yokushintshana kwe-ion |
| Isivimbeli sesikali: | ama-organophosphates, ama-organophosphorus carboxylic acids, njll. |
| Ama-Adsorbents: | njenge-activated carbon, i-activated alumina, njll. |
La makhemikhali nezindlela zokwelapha zisiza ekuvimbeleni ukukhuhla, ukugqwala, kanye nokungcola kwamagciwane, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kwesikhathi eside kohlelo lwamanzi okupholisa, ukunciphisa umonakalo wemishini kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kohlelo.
2.4 Amakhemikhali Nezimiso Zokwelashwa Kwamanzi Angcolile
Inqubo yokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka ezimbonini ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningi ngokwezici zamanzi amdaka kanye nezinhloso zokwelashwa, ikakhulukazi okuhlanganisa ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi, ukuncishiswa kwe-acid-base, ukususwa kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinto eziqinile ezilengisiwe, ukwelashwa okuphakathi nokuthuthukile, ukubulala amagciwane kanye nokubulala amagciwane, ukwelashwa kodaka kanye nokwelashwa kwamanzi asetshenziswe kabusha. Isixhumanisi ngasinye sidinga amakhemikhali ahlukene ukuze asebenzisane ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuphelela kwenqubo yokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka.
Ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka ezimbonini kuhlukaniswe ngezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko: ngokomzimba, ngamakhemikhali kanye nangokwebhayoloji, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezindinganiso zokukhishwa komoya ongcolile kanye nokunciphisa ukungcola kwemvelo.
Indlela engokoqobo:ukuthungwa, ukuhlunga, ukuntanta, njll.
Indlela yamakhemikhali:ukungathathi hlangothi, i-redox, imvula yamakhemikhali.
Indlela yezinto eziphilayo:indlela yodaka olusebenzayo, i-membrane bioreactor (MBR), njll.
Amakhemikhali avamile ahlanganisa:
| Ama-coagulant nama-flocculant: | njenge-PAC, i-PAM, i-PDADMAC, ama-polyamine, i-aluminium sulfate, njll. |
| Izinto zokuthambisa: | njenge-lime kanye ne-sodium carbonate. |
| Izibulali-magciwane: | njenge-TCCA, i-SDIC, i-Calcium Hypochlorite, i-ozone, i-chlorine dioxide, njll. |
| Izilungisi ze-pH: | njenge-aminosulfonic acid, i-sodium hydroxide, i-lime, i-sulfuric acid, njll. |
| Izisusa ze-ion zensimbi: | I-EDTA, i-resin yokushintshana kwe-ion |
| Isivimbeli sesikali: | ama-organophosphates, ama-organophosphorus carboxylic acids, njll. |
| Ama-Adsorbents: | njenge-activated carbon, i-activated alumina, njll. |
Ngokusebenzisa la makhemikhali ngempumelelo, amanzi angcolile asezimbonini angaphathwa futhi akhishwe ngokuhambisana nezindinganiso, futhi aphinde asetshenziswe, okusiza ekunciphiseni ukungcoliswa kwemvelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi.
2.5 Amakhemikhali Nezimiso Zokwelashwa Kwamanzi Aphinde Asetshenziswa
Ukwelashwa kwamanzi asetshenziswe kabusha kubhekisela endleleni yokuphatha imithombo yamanzi ephinda isebenzise amanzi angcolile asezimbonini ngemva kokwelashwa. Njengoba ukwanda kokuntuleka kwemithombo yamanzi, amasimu amaningi ezimboni asethathe izinyathelo zokwelashwa kwamanzi asetshenziswe kabusha, ezingagcini nje ngokusindisa imithombo yamanzi, kodwa futhi ezinciphisa izindleko zokwelashwa nokukhishwa kwamanzi. Isihluthulelo sokwelashwa kwamanzi asetshenziswe kabusha ukususa ukungcola emanzini angcolile ukuze ikhwalithi yamanzi ihlangabezane nezidingo zokusetshenziswa kabusha, okudinga ukunemba okuphezulu kokucubungula kanye nobuchwepheshe.
Inqubo yokwelashwa kwamanzi asetshenziswe kabusha ihlanganisa ikakhulukazi izinyathelo ezilandelayo ezibalulekile:
Ukwelashwa Kwangaphambi Kokwelashwa:susa izinhlayiya ezinkulu zokungcola kanye namafutha, usebenzisa i-PAC, i-PAM, njll.
ukulungiswa kwe-pH:lungisa i-pH, amakhemikhali asetshenziswa kakhulu afaka i-sodium hydroxide, i-sulfuric acid, i-calcium hydroxide, njll.
Ukwelashwa kwezinto eziphilayo:susa izinto eziphilayo, usekele ukuwohloka kwamagciwane, sebenzisa i-ammonium chloride, i-sodium dihydrogen phosphate, njll.
Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali:ukususwa kwe-oxidative kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinsimbi ezisindayo, i-ozone evame ukusetshenziswa, i-persulfate, i-sodium sulfide, njll.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-membrane:sebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-reverse osmosis, i-nanofiltration, kanye ne-ultrafiltration ukususa izinto ezincibilikisiwe nokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yamanzi.
Ukubulala amagciwane:susa ama-microorganisms, sebenzisa i-chlorine, i-ozone, i-calcium hypochlorite, njll.
Ukuqapha nokulungisa:Qinisekisa ukuthi amanzi asetshenziswe kabusha ahlangabezana nezindinganiso futhi usebenzise abalawuli kanye nemishini yokuqapha ukuze kulungiswe.
Izinto zokuhlambulula:Zicindezela noma zisuse igwebu ngokunciphisa ukucindezeleka koketshezi kanye nokubhubhisa ukuqina kwegwebu. (Izimo zokusetshenziswa kwama-defoamer: izinhlelo zokwelapha zebhayoloji, ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile ngamakhemikhali, ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile ngemithi, ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile ngokudla, ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile ngokwenza amaphepha, njll.)
I-calcium hypochlorite:Zisusa ukungcola okufana ne-ammonia nitrogen
Ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinqubo namakhemikhali kuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhwalithi yamanzi angcolile ahlanziwe ihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokusetshenziswa kabusha, okuvumela ukuthi asetshenziswe ngempumelelo ekukhiqizweni kwezimboni.
Ukwelashwa kwamanzi ezimbonini kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokukhiqizwa kwezimboni zanamuhla. Inqubo yawo kanye nokukhethwa kwamakhemikhali kudinga ukwenziwa ngcono ngokuya ngezidingo ezithile zenqubo. Ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwamakhemikhali akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa umphumela wokwelashwa, kodwa futhi kunciphisa izindleko futhi kunciphise umthelela emvelweni. Esikhathini esizayo, ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezidingo zokuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukwelashwa kwamanzi ezimbonini kuzothuthuka ngendlela ehlakaniphile neluhlaza.