Indawo Yokuhlanza Amanzi Angcolile Yendlu Yokubulala

Isingeniso: Inselele Yokuhlanza Amanzi Angcolile Endlini Yokubulala

Umcubunguli wezinkukhu wezimboni uhlole ikhwalithi yethu ephezulu I-PolyDADMAC umkhiqizo wokuthuthukisa izindleko zamakhemikhali nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokucacisa ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza eziqinile emhlabeni wangempela.

Amanzi angcolile asezihlahleni aphakathi kwezinto eziyinkinga kakhulu ezimbonini ukwelapha ngenxa yokugcwala kwawo okuphezulu kwezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe, amaprotheni, amafutha, amafutha, izinsalela zegazi, kanye nezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kungcola kunegalelo ekungcoleni okuphezulu, isidingo se-oxygen yamakhemikhali (i-COD), kanye nesidingo se-oxygen yamakhemikhali (i-BOD), okubeka izidingo ezinkulu ezinqubweni zokuqina kanye nokugoba.

Ezitshalweni eziningi zokuhlanza amanzi amdaka, i-aluminium sulfate ihlala iyi-coagulant eyinhloko ngenxa yokutholakala kwayo kanye nentengo ephansi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukwelapha amanzi amdaka asezindaweni zokuhlatshwa eziyinkimbinkimbi kuvame ukudinga imithamo ephezulu, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali okwandisiwe, ukukhiqizwa kodaka, kanye nezindleko zokusebenza.

Lolu cwaningo lwesibonelo luveza imiphumela efinyelelwe yiprosesa yenkukhu yezimboni ehlole umkhiqizo wethu we-PDADMAC (PolyDiallyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride) njengengxenye yohlelo lwayo lokwelapha olukhona. Sinikeze umkhiqizo kanye nezincomo zokusetshenziswa ngokusekelwe ezimweni zokusebenza kwekhasimende. Ikhasimende lenze izivivinyo zezitshalo futhi laqhathanisa ukusebenza nenqubo yalo yokwelapha evamile.

Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi umthamo ophansi wokwelashwa ungatholakala ngenkathi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali okuphelele, okuhlinzeka ngezinzuzo zomnotho ezingalinganiswa ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ukusebenza kokwelashwa.

Isizinda Semboni: Ukulayisha Okuphezulu Kokungcola kanye Nesidingo Se-Coagulants

Amanzi angcolile akhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokucubungula izinkukhu nemfuyo aqukethe ingxube eyinkimbinkimbi yezinto ezingcolisayo, okuhlanganisa:

Igazi namaprotheni ancibilikayo
Amafutha ezilwane kanye namafutha
Izinto eziqinile ezilenga kahle
Izinhlayiya zezinsiba nezicubu
Ukugxila okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo
I-pH eguquguqukayo kanye nokuguquguquka kwesizini

Uma kuqhathaniswa namanzi angcolile kamasipala, amanzi angcolile asezindaweni zokuhlatshwa ngokuvamile abonisa umthwalo ongcolile ophezulu kakhulu. Njengoba inani lokukhiqiza lishintsha usuku lonke, izici zamanzi angcolile nazo zingase zishintshe kakhulu, okwenza ukucaciswa okuqhubekayo kube nzima kakhulu.

Ngakho-ke, ukuqina kahle kwe-coagulation kubalulekile ekususeni izinto eziqinile ezilengisiwe ngaphambi kokwelashwa noma ukukhishwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukukhetha amakhemikhali okwelapha afanele kudlala indima enkulu ekulawuleni izindleko zokusebenza ngenkathi kugcinwa ukusebenza okuzinzile.

Isizinda Samakhasimende: Ukufuna Isixazululo Sama-Coagulant Nama-Flocculant Asebenza Kahle Ngezindleko

Ikhasimende liyindawo enkulu yokucubungula izinkukhu yezimboni esebenzisa uhlelo lokuhlanza amanzi amdaka oluzinikele.

Inhloso yayo yokwelapha yayilula:

Gcina ukusebenza okucacile okuthembekile
Nciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali
Izindleko zokusebenza zenyanga eziphansi
Thuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa okuphelele

Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa, lesi sikhungo sasithembele kakhulu ku-aluminium sulfate ukuze sijiye. Nakuba inqubo ekhona yayihlangabezana nezidingo zokukhiqiza njalo, onjiniyela bezitshalo baphawula ukuthi umthamo odingekayo wawulokhu uphakeme, okufaka isandla ezindlekweni ezinkulu zamakhemikhali zanyanga zonke. Ngakho-ke ikhasimende laqala ukuhlola ezinye izinsiza ze-coagulant ezikwazi ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-coagulation ngenkathi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali okuphelele.

Indawo Yokuhlanza Amanzi Angcolile Yamakhasimende Okucubungula Izinkukhu

Izimo Zokwelashwa Ezikhona Nge-Coagulant Yendabuko Ye-Aluminium Sulfate

Ngaphambi kokuhlola i-PDADMAC, ikhasimende lalithembele ku-aluminium sulfate njenge-coagulant eyinhloko yokwelapha amanzi angcolile. Isilinganiso sokusebenza sasingu-340 ppm, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali kwanyanga zonke okungaba amathani ayi-180. Lolu hlelo lokwelapha lwaholela ezindlekweni zamakhemikhali zanyanga zonke ezilinganiselwa ku-US$63,000.

Nakuba ukusebenza kokucacisa kwahlangabezana nezidingo zokusebenza kwesitshalo, umthamo ophezulu kakhulu waba negalelo ekwandeni kokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali, ukukhiqizwa kodaka okuphezulu, kanye nokwenyuka kwezindleko zokusebenza. Ngenxa yalokho, ikhasimende laqala ukufuna amathuba okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokujiya kwamakhemikhali ngenkathi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali jikelele.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-PolyDADMAC kanye nokuhlolwa kwesicelo

Ngemva kokubukeza izici zamanzi amdaka ekhasimende kanye nezimo zokusebenza, sinikeze umkhiqizo wethu we-PDADMAC futhi sanikeza izincomo zokusetshenziswa maqondana nokuhlolwa komthamo kanye nezinqubo zokuhlola.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi uhlelo lokwelapha amanzi amdaka, isu lokulinganisa, kanye nokwenza ngcono inqubo yokugcina kunqunywe futhi kwaqinisekiswa yikhasimende ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwasendaweni. Indima yethu kwakuwukuhlinzeka ngekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ehambisanayo kanye nesiqondiso sokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe ukusekela inqubo yokuhlola.

Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuthola ukuthi i-PDADMAC ingathuthukisa yini ukusebenza kahle kokubopha igazi futhi inciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali okuphelele uma kuqhathaniswa nohlelo lokwelapha olukhona.

Ukuqaliswa Kokuhlolwa Kwezitshalo kwe-PolyDADMAC Coagulant Aid

Ikhasimende lenze izivivinyo zokuqhathanisa ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zokukhiqiza lisebenzisa imifudlana yamanzi amdaka efanayo. Phakathi nesikhathi sokuhlola, ukusebenza kokwelashwa kwaqashelwa njalo ukuqinisekisa ukucaca okuzinzile ngenkathi kulungiswa kancane kancane umthamo wamakhemikhali.

Izindlela zokuhlola ezibalulekile zifakiwe:

Ukusebenza kokucacisa
Ukwakheka kwe-Floc
Izici zokuxazulula
Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali
Izindleko zokusebenza

Esikhundleni sokushintsha yonke inqubo yokwelapha, ikhasimende ligxile ekunqumeni ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kahle kwe-PDADMAC kungathuthukisa yini ukusebenza kahle kokuqina kwegazi futhi kunciphise inani lamakhemikhali adingekayo. Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngemijikelezo eminingi yokukhiqiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphumela imelela izimo zokusebenza zangempela kunokubonwa kwelebhu yesikhashana.

Imiphumela Yesilingo: Ukonga Izindleko Okuphawulekayo Nokunciphisa Umthamo

Ngemva kokwethula i-PDADMAC (i-PolyDADMAC) enqubweni yokujiya, ikhasimende laphawula ukuthi uhlelo lokwelapha amanzi amdaka lugcina ukusebenza okuzinzile kokucacisa ngenkathi lusebenza ngesilinganiso esiphansi kakhulu. Isilinganiso sokwelapha esimaphakathi sehliswe saba cishe yi-200 ppm, kanti izindleko zamakhemikhali zanyanga zonke ezilinganiselwayo zehle zaya cishe ku-US$52,000.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nezimo zokusebenza zokuqala, uhlelo oluthuthukisiwe lunciphise umthamo wamakhemikhali cishe ngo-41% futhi lwakhiqiza ukonga okulinganiselwa njalo ngenyanga okungaba ngu-US$11,000. Ngokusekelwe ekusebenzeni okuqhubekayo kwesitshalo, lokhu kumelela ukonga okungenzeka kwaminyaka yonke kwamakhemikhali okungaba ngu-US$132,000.

Ukuqhathaniswa Kokusebenza: Uhlelo lwe-Aluminium Sulfate vs. PDADMAC

Ngemva kokuhlolwa kwesitshalo, ikhasimende liqinisekisile ukuthi ukufaka i-PDADMAC (PolyDADMAC) enqubweni yokujiya kwathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa ngenkathi kunciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nohlelo lokuqala lokwelapha, umthamo wamakhemikhali odingekayo wehlisiwe kusukela ku-340 ppm kuya ku-200 ppm, emele isilinganisoUkwehliswa okungu-41%Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali kwanyanga zonke nakho kwehle kusukela cisheUS$63,000 kuya ku-US$52,000, okuholela ekongeni okulinganiselwa njalo ngenyanga okungaba yi-US$11,000kanye nokonga okungenzeka minyaka yonke okungaba yi-US$132,000.

Ngaphezu kokunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza, ikhasimende libone ukwakheka kwe-floc okuhambisanayo kanye nokusebenza okucacile okuzinzile phakathi nesikhathi sokuhlola. Le miphumela ikhombisa ukuthi, uma isetshenziswa kahle, i-PDADMAC ingathuthukisa ukusebenza kwama-coagulant avamile, isize izindawo zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile ezimbonini zithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo ngenkathi zinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali.

Nakuba ukusebenza kokwelashwa kuncike ezicini zamanzi amdaka, izimo zokusebenza, kanye nomklamo wesitshalo, leli cala libonisa ukuthi i-PolyDADMAC enamandla kakhulu ingasebenza kanjani njengosizo olusebenzayo lwe-flocculant ekusetshenzisweni kokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka ezindaweni zokulalisa.

Kungani i-PolyDADMAC ithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa

Amanzi angcolile asezihlahleni aqukethe ukugcwala okuphezulu kwezinhlayiya ze-colloidal ezishajeke kabi, okuhlanganisa amaprotheni, izinto ezincane eziphilayo, namafutha ahlanganisiwe. Lezi zinhlayiya kunzima ukuzisusa kusetshenziswa ama-coagulant angavamile kuphela, ikakhulukazi lapho ukwakheka kwamanzi angcolile kushintshashintsha.

I-PolyDADMAC (I-PolyDiallyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride)iyi-polymer ye-cationic ene-charge-density ephezulu esebenza ngokuyinhloko ngokungathathi hlangothi kwe-charge kanye nokungaqini kwezinhlayiya.

Kulesi simo sohlelo lokusebenza, i-PDADMAC inegalelo ekuthuthukisweni kokusebenza ngezindlela eziningana:

Ukunciphisa Ukushaja Okuthuthukisiwe:Imvelo enamandla ye-cationic ye-PDADMAC isiza ekunciphiseni izinhlayiya ezilengisiwe ezishajelwe kabi ngempumelelo, okunciphisa isidingo sama-coagulants angaphili.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kokwakheka Kwe-Floc:Uma seziqinile, izinhlayiya ezincane zihlangana ngokushesha zibe ama-floc amakhulu, okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-sedimentation futhi kunciphise ukungcoliswa.
Ukuhlukaniswa Okusheshayo Koketshezi Oluqinile:Ama-floc aqinile futhi aminyene ahlala ngokushesha, okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokucaca kumayunithi okusanhlamvu okuqala.
Isidingo Esinciphile Sokugoqa Ama-Coagulant:Ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kokungaguquguquki, uhlelo ludinga i-aluminium sulfate encane ukuze kufezwe imiphumela efanayo yokucacisa.
Ukuzinza Kwenqubo Okungcono:Uhlelo olusizwa yi-polymer lunikeza ukubekezelela okuthuthukisiwe kokuguquguquka kokwakheka kwamanzi angcolile, okuyinto evamile emisebenzini yokulahlwa.

Izinzuzo Ezengeziwe Zokusebenza Ezibonwayo Nge-PDADMAC

Ngaphandle kokunciphisa izindleko zamakhemikhali, ikhasimende libike nokuthuthuka kokusebenza okuningana ngesikhathi sokuhlola:

Ukusebenza kokucacisa okuzinzile ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza okuphezulu
Ukuziphatha okuthuthukisiwe kokulungisa udaka
Ukwehluka okuncishisiwe kokungcoliswa kwamanzi angcolile aphathwe ngendlela engalungile
Ukuqina kokuphathwa kwamakhemikhali okuphansi ngenxa yezidingo zomthamo ezincishisiwe
Ukuthuthukiswa kokulawulwa kwenqubo iyonke

Lokhu kuthuthuka kube negalelo ekusebenzeni kahle kokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka kwansuku zonke kanye nokunciphisa ukucindezeleka kokusebenza kwabasebenzi bezokwelapha.

Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele Kubasebenzi Bamanzi Angcolile Nabahlinzeki Be-Flocculant

Lokhu kuhlola kuqokomisa iziphetho eziningana ezibalulekile zabasebenzi bokuhlanza amanzi amdaka ezimbonini:

Amanzi angcolile asezindaweni zokuxhela adinga amasu okuhlanganisa asebenza kahle kakhulu ngenxa yokwakheka kwawo okuyinkimbinkimbi
Umthamo ophezulu we-aluminium sulfate awusho njalo ukuthi usebenza kahle kakhulu
Ukungashintshi kweshaja okusekelwe ku-polymer kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwe-coagulation
Ukunciphisa umthamo wamakhemikhali kungenzeka ngaphandle kwezinguquko ezinkulu zengqalasizinda
Ukuthuthukisa inqubo kungadala ukonga okukhulu kwezindleko zesikhathi eside

Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi imiphumela ingahluka kuye ngezici zamanzi amdaka, ukuhlelwa kwesistimu, kanye nezimo zokusebenza. Isikhungo ngasinye kufanele senze ukuhlolwa kwaso ukuze sinqume amasu okulinganisa afanele.

Umugqa Wokukhiqiza Othuthukisiwe We-Yuncang Chemical

Ukukhiqiza Okuthuthukisiwe Nokuqinisekiswa Kwekhwalithi

Sisebenzisa imigqa yokukhiqiza amakhemikhali enamandla aphezulu kusukela ngo-2009. Siqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kochungechunge lokuhlinzeka okuzinzile kanye nokuvumelana komkhiqizo wekhwalithi ephezulu kwezixazululo zokwelashwa kwamanzi emhlabeni jikelele.

Mayelana ne-PolyDADMAC Yethu: Abaphakeli be-PolyDADMAC Abathembekile

I-PDADMAC yethu (i-PolyDiallyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride) iyi-polymer ye-cationic esebenza kahle kakhulu eyenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo zokwelashwa kwamanzi ezimbonini, okuhlanganisa:

Amanzi angcolile okuhlanza inyama kanye nokucubungula inyama
Amanzi angcolile okudla neziphuzo
Ukungcola kwephepha ne-pulp
Izinhlelo zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile ezindwangu
Izinqubo zokucacisa amanzi angcolile ezimbonini ezijwayelekile

Sihlinzeka nge-PDADMAC ngamamaki ezimboni azinzile afanele izinhlelo zokulinganisa eziqhubekayo kanye nezicelo zokwelapha ngeqoqo.

Asihlinzeki ngezinhlelo zokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka ezishintshashintshayo noma ngezinsizakalo zobunjiniyela bezinqubo ezigcwele. Kunalokho, sigxila ekuhlinzekeni ngemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali esezingeni elifanayo kanye nokunikeza isiqondiso sesicelo ngokusekelwe kudatha yamanzi amdaka enikezwe amakhasimende kanye nempendulo yokusebenza. Umklamo wokugcina wokwelashwa, ukukhethwa kwenqubo, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kusalokhu kungumthwalo wemfanelo womsebenzisi wokugcina noma umlingani wakhe wobunjiniyela.